Within a few months, the United States looked toward the possibility of exchanging these Alien Enemies with Japan, Germany, and Italy. Alien Enemies taken into custody were brought before an Alien Enemy Hearing Board and were either released, paroled, or interned for the duration of the war. Attorney for that district, the INS, and the FBI attended each hearing as well. Each Alien Enemy Hearing Board consisted of three civilian members from the local community, one of whom was an attorney. and through Alien Enemy Hearing Boards with branches located in each of the federal judicial districts of the United States (in Texas boards were held in Houston, Dallas, El Paso, and San Antonio). Although not legally administered in each case, and often spurred by prejudices, the action was intended to assure the American public that its government was taking firm steps to look after the internal safety of the nation.Įarly in 1942, the DOJ established a bi-level organization, which handled the individual cases of aliens enemies: The Alien Enemy Control Unit in Washington, D.C. Within days of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the DOJ took into custody several thousand Axis nationals (during World War II, the Axis Nations consisted chiefly of Germany, Japan, and Italy). Both legal resident aliens and naturalized citizens who were suspect were targeted, as were their families. as early as the night of December 7, 1941. The DOJ, through the Federal Bureau of Investigations, began to target suspect Enemy Aliens in the U.S. relatives detained in DOJ camps through the Alien Enemy Control Unit Program. These “West Coast” internees shared a common loss of freedom with the thousands of Japanese, German, and Italian Enemy Aliens and their U.S. wherever the number of apprehensions was too few for the Immigration and Naturalization Service to operate a detention facility. citizen relatives), classified as Enemy Aliens, were detained by the Department of Justice (DOJ) through its Alien Enemy Control Unit and, in Latin America, by the Department of State’s Special War Problems Division. Through separate confinement programs to the WRA, thousands of Japanese, German, and Italian citizens in the U.S. West Coast were incarcerated in War Relocation Authority (WRA) camps across the country-based on Executive Order 9066 (Feb. Approximately 120,000 Issei (first generation, Japanese immigrants) and Nisei (second generation, U.S. government response to the war (1941-1945) began in early 1942 with the incarceration of thousands of Japanese Americans on the West Coast and the territory of Hawaii. Shocked by the December 7, 1941, Empire of Japan attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii that propelled the United States into World War II, one U.S. Japanese, German, and Italian American Enemy Alien Internment
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